ANTIBIOTICS

 

Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections by killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth.

Antibiotics and it's Classification in video : 

 Classification of Antibiotics:

a. Beta-Lactams

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
• Examples:
  • Penicillins:
    • Penicillin G
    • Amoxicillin
    • Ampicillin
  • Cephalosporins:
    • Cephalexin
    • Ceftriaxone
    • Cefepime
  • Carbapenems:
    • Imipenem
    • Meropenem
    • Ertapenem
  • Monobactams:
    • Aztreonam

b. Macrolides

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
• Examples:
  • Erythromycin
  • Azithromycin
  • Clarithromycin

C. Tetracyclines

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
• Examples:
  • Tetracycline
  • Doxycycline
  • Minocycline

d. Fluoroquinolones

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis
• Examples:
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Levofloxacin
  • Moxifloxacin

e. Aminoglycosides

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
• Examples:
  • Gentamicin
  • Amikacin
  • Tobramycin

f. Sulfonamides

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis
• Examples:
  • Sulfamethoxazole
  • Combined with Trimethoprim as Co-trimoxazole

g. Glycopeptides

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
• Examples:
  • Vancomycin
  • Teicoplanin

h. Oxazolidinones

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
• Examples:
  • Linezolid
  • Tedizolid

i. Lincosamides

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
• Examples:
• Clindamycin

j. Rifamycins

• Mechanism: Inhibit RNA synthesis.
• Examples: 
• Rifampin

Antibiotics can be classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Here’s a broad classification:

1. Mechanism of Action

A. Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis:

• Beta-Lactams:

•     Penicillins:

• Penicillin G, 
• Penicillin V, 
• Amoxicillin, 
• Ampicillin. 

• Cephalosporins: 

• Cephalexin, 
• Cefuroxime, 
• Ceftriaxone  

• Carbapenems:

• Imipenem, 
• Meropenem

• Monobactams:

• Aztreonam

• Glycopeptides: 

• Vancomycin, 
• Teicoplanin

B. Inhibition of Protein Synthesis:

•   Aminoglycosides: 

• Amikacin, 
• Gentamicin, 
• Tobramycin, 
• Amikacin. 

•   Macrolides: 

• Erythromycin, 
• Azithromycin, 
• Clarithromycin. 

•   Tetracyclines:

• Tetracycline, 
• Doxycycline, 
• Minocycline. 

• Chloramphenicol: 

• Chloramphenicol. 

•   Oxazolidinones: 

• Linezolid, 
• Tedizolid

• Lincosamides:

• Clindamycin

C. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis:

•   Fluoroquinolones:

• Ciprofloxacin,
• Levofloxacin, 
• Moxifloxacin. 

• Rifamycins: 

• Rifampin, 
• Rifabutin. 

• Sulfonamides: 

• Sulfamethoxazole

D. Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways:

•   Sulfonamides:

• Sulfamethoxazole (often combined with trimethoprim) 

• Trimethoprim [Often combined with sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)]

2. Chemical Structure:

• Beta-Lactams:

• Penicillin
• Cephalosporin
• Carbapenem
• Monobactams

• Non-Beta-Lactams:

• Macrolides
• Aminoglycosides
• Tetracyclines
• Glycopeptides
• Chloramphenicol

 3. Spectrum of Activity:

• Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics:

• Amoxicillin-Clavulanate
• Tetracyclines
• Fluoroquinolones

• Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotics:

• Penicillin G (primarily Gram-positive bacteria) 
• Vancomycin (primarily Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA) 
• Isoniazid (primarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

This classification helps in selecting appropriate antibiotics based on the type of infection and the bacteria causing it.